B cell antigen extraction is regulated by physical properties of antigen-presenting cells

B cell antigen extraction is regulated by physical properties of antigen-presenting cells

Antibody production and affinity maturation are driven by B cell extraction and internalization of antigen from immune synapses. However, the extraction mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we develop DNA-based nanosensors to interrogate two previously proposed mechanisms, enzymatic liberation and mechanical force. Using antigens presented by either artificial substrates or live cells, we ...

Induction of peripheral T cell tolerance by antigen-presenting B cells. II. Chronic antigen presentation overrules antigen-presenting B cell activation.

Ag presentation in the absence of danger signals and Ag persistence are the inductive processes of peripheral T cell tolerization proposed so far. Nevertheless, it has never been definitively shown that chronic Ag presentation per se can induce T cell tolerance independent of the state of activation of APCs. In the present work, we investigated whether chronic Ag presentation by either resting ...

The Immunomodulatory Effect of Cyclophosphamide on Regulation of T-Cell Subsets and Antigen Presenting Cells.

B Lymphocytes as Antigen-Presenting Cells

Preferential T cell Expansion by Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells Expressing 4-1BBL Alone or in Combination with CD80 or CD86